We leave Cambodia with the popular mask dance about the monkey king from the Ramayana, apparently originating in the time of the Khmer Empire which has engendered some controversy between Cambodia and Thailand, both claiming it as a unique part of their intangible cultural heritage (per UNESCO status), the Cambodians pointing out that it came to Thailand only after their sack of Angkor. Ahh, politics.
It’s quite a sight, 75 pedicabs swarming through a major city, but everyone takes it in stride. And, it’s a great vantage point for the passenger.
First stop, the Royal Palace. Although not a center of power, the Royal Family remains a source of identity, pride, and loyalty in this one-party state.
Every day of the week has its own color, if you didn’t know.
The most revered figure in political Cambodia is, of course, Norodom Sihanouk (known to history as Prince Sihanouk), the King who single-handedly achieved independence for his country in 1953 (having been underestimated by the French), nearly a year before Ho Chi Minh achieved the same for Vietnam, maintaining a strong monarchy in the face of historic trends. He dropped what he called his “atomic bomb” in 1955 by abdicating the throne in favor of his father and then forming a political movement (rather than party) to continue to dominate politics. That his rule and closeness to the Chinese then led to the rise of Pol Pot is his political tragedy.
We found Wat Phnom on a walk into the city on a hilltop in a lovely park (not far from Starbucks). It’s a temple pagoda apparently from the 14th century, although repeatedly rebuilt, named after a Lady Penh who pulled a tree from the river with five statues in a hollow, four of Buddha and one of Vishnu and convinced the townspeople to create a hill and the temple. It’s absolutely gorgeous and comes with a great view.
Spirit house at Wat Phnom. Spirit houses are outside most homes, businesses and temples to attract spirits away from where people want to be left in peace.
We found Phnom Penh to be a surprisingly rewarding place to walk around and our ship was docked (obviously) right there on the river. (Yes, that’s a huge clock and the rabbit – for the year recently ended – is made of bamboo.)
We rejoined the group for a trip out to Udon Monastery.
Udon or Udong, some 40 kilometers northwest of Phnom Penh was a royal residence and capital from the 17th through much of the 19th century and now houses a beautiful Buddhist monastery where a monk offered a blessing to travelers.
It is also a place where older people, both men and women, may go to live out the remainder of their lives in monastic retreat to achieve their spiritual objectives. There were quite a number of people visiting the monastery to visit with their parents or other family members. Our local guide, who had spent 8 years earlier in life as a monk (as do a large percentage of men), shared that he would also like to return to a monastery towards the end of his life. (The women in the photos were pleased to speak through a translator and didn’t mind having their photos taken, although it felt awkward for the photographer. Their quarters are small, but neatly kept.)
The unlikely victors of a civil war against an American backed regime, the Khmer Rouge under Chinese protege Pol Pot seized power in 1975 and proceeded to carry out a plan to transform the country into an egalitarian nation of only farmers, eradicating the educated classes (in other words, an even more ruthless version of the Cultural Revolution, which ended only with Mao’s death in 1976). One quarter of Cambodia’s population died or roughly two million people, of which estimates range from half a million to more than a million by execution. Phnom Penh was evacuated and the people turned into farmers, by force.
Choeung Ek is the best known of the 300 Killing Fields, more or less, and 8,895 bodies have been recovered there. Human bones and tatters of clothing can still be seen on the ground.
As many as 20,000 people were tortured and executed at the Tuol Sleng detention center (one of up to 200 such centers), including both Cambodians and foreigners accused of being CIA. One of only a handful of survivors (and a witness at the genocide trial) is there to speak about his experience.
Our local guide spent much of his childhood at a refugee camp across the border in Thailand where they relied on airdrops of food and supplies for survival. His family fled when they grew concerned that his father’s lies about his occupation would no longer hold up, as more and more people in the village could point a finger and expose him as a teacher. Any education, soft hands, or ability to speak a foreign language, for instance, could be fatal. He took on the identity of a barber.
In 1979 the Vietnamese, with backing from the Soviet Union, invaded and removed Pol Pot from power. A handful of officials were put on trial and convicted of genocide. However, many officials complicit in the genocide remain in power.
The population of Cambodia is now roughly 17 million, although the country continues to suffer from the tremendous loss of an educated class which either fled the country or died there. Our guide was able to obtain an education, including with advanced degrees, and founded a substantial school to teach English and computers in his home village, supplementing the local school. Not much has changed politically as the same people who were Khmer Rouge remain in power and this remains a one party state, though with the apparent rewards of a capitalist economy. So, as our guide advised, the one most important freedom is the freedom of silence and he himself can just as easily be a mechanic, as he was during the pandemic, as a highly educated guide for foreigners.
Almost every house is elevated on pilings to protect from flooding, provide a shaded space below and better air circulation in the quarters above, and to provide a sheltered outdoor living space during the monsoon season.
To supplement their income in the dry season, farmers prepare a roadside treat by baking sticky rice and mung beans in bamboo. Actually, it tastes quite good.
Our tour through Cambodia and Vietnam includes making our way down the Mekong River (known by the Vietnamese as the Nine Dragons River) from north of Phnom Penh until we disembark in the delta on our way to Ho Chi Minh City. The height of the river varies markedly by season and, traveling towards the end of the dry season, our ship docked well below street level, providing an odd perspective. Jim wasn’t crazy about the catwalk.
Not far from Kampong Cham, Cambodia, are two hills topped with temples facing each other from half a kilometer away. In between lies a garden of Buddhas. Legend has it that in times past the women and the men of Cambodia had a contest to determine who must ask for the other’s hand in marriage. The men would build one hill and the women another and whoever could build the tallest hill by the time the sirius star should appear in the night sky would have the honor of being asked by the other to join in marriage. It was the women who played a trick by hanging a lantern so high the men mistook it for the star and laid down their tools so that the women’s hill would stand taller.
It was the garden of Buddhas that enchanted us. We later learned online that the temples were destroyed in the terror of the Khmer Rouge and rebuilt and that this had been one of the many “killing fields” of that not-so-distant time.
On an island in the Mekong River just north of Phnom Penh there’s a village which has for generations devoted its energies to cultivating the silk worm and weaving that silk into luxurious fabrics. The fabrics are, in fact, quite beautiful and come in various grades, including those woven also with cotton.
Deep inside Cambodia up the Tonlé Sap river that flows in two directions depending on the season and just north of the huge and bountiful freshwater lake of the same name with its floating villages is Angkor, an agglomeration of temple cities serving as the capitals of the Khmer Empire that dominated Southeast Asia for hundreds of years and occupied a landscape larger than present day Paris with as many as a million people living there amidst imperial grandeur from the early ninth century until its sack by Ayutthaya (a Siamese [Thai] empire) in 1431. This largest pre-industrial city in the world (by territory) had extensive infrastructure to support its population, including a sophisticated water management system to stabilize, store and disperse water to compensate for the unpredictability of the monsoon season. Its more than 1,000 temples lie scattered across the present forested landscape in various states of preservation and repair (constructed with far more stone than used in all of ancient Egypt), the most famous and iconic being the temple city of Angkor Wat, the only building depicted on a national flag.
This largest religious structure in the world was built in the early 12th century as a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu and then adapted to serve as a Buddhist temple towards the end of the same century, so it retains both identities. The architectural layout is based on the Hindu and Buddhist idea of Mount Meru, the five-peaked mountain at the center of the universe. It is surrounded by an enormous moat that’s more than 3 miles long and which may represent, again, the universe surrounded by water. There are also very long galleries of bas reliefs depicting, for example, scenes from the Ramayana. But, we’ll allow the photos to speak, as all that remains are manipulations of landscape, human compositions in stone, a few travelers’ tales, and the continuous habitation of a handful of monks.
Established in the late 12th century, Angkor Thom was also a moated temple city serving as the last capital complex of the Khmer kings at Angkor, with magnificent gods and demons lining the bridge across the moat to the South Gate.
A naga or seven headed snake (left and below) seems to be everywhere. It’s a sacred and revered Hindu deity in the form of a cobra (often partly human) that protects from evil and is typically seen on the ends of railings or, in Buddhist tradition, as a protective hood over the head of the Buddha.
Heads facing in four directions are incorporated into the gate and, as you’ll see, are a common design element. The meaning or significance are unknown, although they may represent the king (look long and hard enough and, honestly, you’ll see them).
Built in the late 12th or early 13th century, Bayon occupies the center of Angkor Thom, is the last temple constructed in Angkor, and has an architectural style distinct from Angkor Wat, especially with all those contented faces looming over you in all four directions. There’s a debate as to whether the faces represent the Buddhist bodhisattva of compassion (Avalokitesvara, “the lord who looks down”) or the then-reigning king or Lord Brahma. Although the king was a Buddhist, there was a bit of back and forth over the years as Hinduism and Buddhism vied for influence and there are strong arguments (favored by the locals) that it’s Brahma.
The bas reliefs at Bayon depict both ordinary life of the time and historic events and are nicely preserved.
Also inside Angkor Thom is an area named after a “leper king” because of a discolored and moss encrusted statue found there and since replaced by a replica. Really. Although there is a legend about an early Angkor king who had leprosy, he has not be linked to this location. Anyway, the reliefs of animals are quite interesting and on a larger scale than we’ve seen.
The massive popularity of Ta Prohm hinges on its gothic appeal of the revenge of nature and its cameo appearance in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider from 2001. Guides proudly tout their “wow” photo ops and take turns setting up group photos at the choicest spots. After Ayutthaya laid waste to Angkor and pushed the Khmer south to Phnom Penh, Ta Prohm was totally abandoned and the forest had its way. Favoring the conservation of the “picturesque,” decisions were made when conservation and restoration began early in the 21st century to leave Ta Prohm in its wild state, although efforts have now been made to stabilize and gradually restore the area.
But, enough about us. Ta Prohm was founded in 1186 as a monastery and center of learning dedicated to the king’s mother, according to a surviving stele. It’s not far from Angkor Thom.
According to that surviving stele, about 12,500 people lived in the monastery, including 18 high priests and 615 dancers, with a population of 80,000 people living nearby to support the monastery with food and services.
Although some small continuous presence of monks at Angkor Wat helped to maintain the integrity of its structures, the rest of Angkor was in complete ruin. The armies of Ayutthaya did what they could to eradicate the capital of their long time rival empire (as would be their fate at the hands of the Burmese) and nature then had its way with structures that were, after all, merely stacked stone, not mortared in place. Throughout Angkor you will see not only piles of rubble, but reassembled bits of wall that seem to have obviously misplaced pieces. It’s thanks to the French for initiating the reconstruction of these masterpieces when the world began to recognize their value and to the many national teams that are continuing the effort, such as those from India and Japan.
It was an odd feeling, admittedly, arriving in Ha Noi (“land inside the river”). But, a lot of time has gone by since America’s intimate involvement with the people here and that is dwarfed in the Vietnamese imagination by the nearly 100 years of French colonialism resolved by almost ten years of brutal warfare and 1,000 years of subjugation by the Chinese, despite the horrific scale of the loss of life in the war we suffered through together. Times keep changing. Although a one-party state, we’re told the government is “communist” in name only and, of course, the West is eager to invest in any counterweight to China (and Vietnam is eager to play that role).
Hanoi is a dynamic city with a sense of energy and purpose and more to see and do than we had time. That’s not to say that it’s easy to get around on foot. It’s a motorbike city and pedestrians have no place to walk other than the street because the sidewalks are taken up both by commerce and as parking for all those motorbikes. Our adventure of walking to a restaurant in the neighborhood of our hotel was initially a little harrowing, but you get used to everything and we regained the skill of being cautiously intrepid.
One of the many gifts to gastronomy from the collision of traditional Vietnamese cuisine and the French kitchen is banh mi, the cucumber, sauce and cilantro with the whatever-have-you meat on a baguette that is sheer pleasure to eat. So, we set out from our hotel to find a very local place specializing in only banh mi. Not as much of the goodies on the inside as one stateside and the seating was on those little plastic stools about half the height of a western chair, but hard to complain when two sandwiches and two Cokes run up a tab of around $4 or so. And, yes, delicious.
As we awaited the start of our organized tour, we explored a nearby ancient Buddhist temple on a little island in the lake near where John McCain crash landed during the “American war.”
Before it acquired infamy in American minds, Hoa Lo was a notorious symbol of French cruelty and oppression in their efforts to maintain iron fisted control of not only Vietnam, but all of Indochina. The guillotine seemed especially fascinating to the many visitors.
And, of course, some artifacts from the time of the inhumane imprisonment of Senator McCain and the other captured aviators are also on display.
Ba Dinh Square is a vast (80 acres) public space accessible only through security where, most importantly, Ho Chi Minh read a Declaration of Independence from France on September 2, 1945, hoping for international support, including from President Truman to whom he sent an unacknowledged request for recognition and assistance.
Ho Chi Minh’s request to be cremated was ignored and he got the full Lenin and Mao treatment instead, including periodic public viewing. It’s a rather imposing site and, we couldn’t help thinking, a bit ironic.
Yellow was the Emperor’s favorite color, so the French obliged, as did he. When Ho Chi Minh finally booted the French in 1954 (after nearly a decade of savage warfare), he declined to occupy the palace and lived in the much more modest quarters out back.
“A grateful nation” built a residence more to his liking in 1958 in which he lived until his death in 1969. Unfortunately, they forgot to provide toilet facilities, so he continued to run back to his previous quarters, above, for those purposes. Other than that, it’s quite a nice place. Per the custom throughout much of Southeast Asia, the area under the house is also living space. The upper right photo shows the entrance to his bomb shelter in a separate building.
Nearby Ba Dinh Square is a small, but beautiful and unique, Buddhist temple.
Dedicated to Confucius and Confucian study, the Temple was established in 1070 and became the home of the Imperial Academy to educate the princes and other elites from 1076 until 1779 as the capital shifted to Hue.
Beginning in 1484, Doctors Stelae (those big slabs of stone) were erected to record the names and birthplaces of successful graduates of the triennial royal examinations. The turtle supporting each of the surviving 82 stelae is, among other things, a symbol of wisdom and one of the holy animals of Vietnam.
The Museum of Ethnology focuses on the 54 officially recognized ethnic groups within Vietnam, a country created by the gradual extension of authority by the Viet civilization centered on Hanoi and the valley of the Red River on whose banks the city lies.
Exhibits are inside and out for which, sadly, we barely had time for a quick look-see; and there’s a separate museum focused on Southeast Asian peoples and cultures that we didn’t have time to see at all. It’s a very impressive effort to provide some visibility to a wide range of internal ethnicities.
With that, we boarded our flight to Siemreap, Cambodia.
It’s hard to know where to begin when talking about historic Savannah, with its 22 remaining leafy, residential squares, city park, colorful riverfront, thriving restaurant scene, burgeoning art school and downtown cemetery where Union troops passed the time changing dates on tombstones (significantly older than Bonaventure on the city’s edge). So, we might as well begin with the 19th century City Hall that stares down Bull Street that both separates the Easts and Wests of intersecting streets and threads together one row of city squares culminating at Forsyth Park.
Every square has at least one – and typically several – monument(s) and then a plaque (or plaques), to different people or events and none of them seem to match up with the name of the square, rendering conscientious sign readers both confused and exhausted, effectively curing them of the habit.
It was hard to keep all the squares straight and it was the buildings that began to be our key to navigation.
Forsyth Park was filled with people enjoying themselves eating, drinking, buying things and playing Ultimate Frisbee. Now at the bottom of the pattern of squares, we headed back towards the Savannah River to visit some of the historic homes and institutions.
Crossing Taylor Square on our way to the Massie Heritage Center, we came across a performance by the McIntosh County Shouters, a well known Gullah family-based singing group, as part of the celebration of the renaming of Calhoun Square in honor of Susie King Taylor, a teacher and nurse who rose from slavery to play a prominent role in the Civil War around Savannah and in the Sea Islands and to write a memoir about it.
One of those landmarks that help guide your way through Savannah is, of course, the Mercer-Williams House on Monterey Square, one of the squares linked together by Bull Street. It was one of the first houses restored in the 1960s and gained some infamy as the site of the killing at issue in the four murder trials of then owner Jim Williams as recounted in “the book,” i.e. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. It’s now a house museum owned and operated by Jim’s sister. It was the only house museum we visited that doesn’t allow photography (and wasn’t a non-profit), although the house was used in the filming of the movie starring Kevin Spacey (who bears a striking resemblance to our main character with the simple addition of a mustache). Bottom line: beautifully restored and furnished with absolutely top notch art and furniture (Williams was an art dealer, after all).
Andrew Low House, Lafayette Square (1849). Photo Credit: Andrew Low House
Almost by definition, a house museum is going to be spectacular and, since Andrew Low II was a cotton merchant and reportedly the richest man in Savannah, his home (completed in 1849) was definitely not an exception. Touring it on what turned out to be the free-admission Museum Sunday in Savannah, we acquired a timed ticket and returned after seeing a few other, less popular, sites. It turns out that Andrew’s daughter-in-law was none other than Juliet Gordon Low, the founder of the Girl Scouts (who also lived here), married to his somewhat notorious son “Willy.” Perhaps we should just take William Makepeace Thackeray at his word (from 1856): “I write from the most comfortable quarters I have ever had in the United States . . . in the house of my friend, Andrew Low.”
An exception to that rule about house museums always being grand was just across the square at the childhood home of Flannery O’Connor; but writers aren’t expected to live amidst opulence and her father was a mere real estate agent. Dead of lupus by the age of 39 in 1964, this deeply religious Southern Gothic writer of frequently grotesque and disturbing stories had been “well-received,” but achieved fame with the posthumous publication of her Complete Stories. Visiting her childhood home felt to us like visiting the childhood homes of our own parents.
“[A]nything that comes out of the South is going to be called grotesque by the northern reader, unless it is grotesque, in which case it is going to be called realistic.” Flannery O’Connor
Flannery O’Connor attended Mass daily. The truly beautiful Cathedral was on the other side of the Lafayette Square and easy to understand as a source of early inspiration as she later dealt with difficult Catholic themes in her fiction.
42 English Jews sailed to Savannah in 1733 to participate in the fledgling colony’s experiment in religious tolerance and established the Congregation, the third in America.
When the emigrants were ready to leave in 1733, so the story goes, they asked for one of the Torahs to take with them to America and it was, as always, “Sure, you can take the old one.” It’s the oldest one in America, housed in the only neo-Gothic synagogue in America.
Not particularly wealthy when he arrived in Savannah in 1833, Charles Green built his fortune as a cotton merchant and ship owner and then, as was the case with most of these houses, engaged a New York architect who completed this house in 1850. After inheriting the house, his son Edward sold it to Judge Peter Meldrim whose family sold it to the St. John’s Church next door in 1943 for use as a Rectory and to better assure its preservation.
Among the unusual features of the house is a rather complicated set of front doors where the outer front doors can fold back to create dual entry closets (pretty radical for the time) and two sets of inner front doors slide in or out to provide either glass or louvers, depending on the season.
The ornamental plasterwork was certainly the most extravagant we’ve ever seen. Interestingly, the church does actively use the building for its social functions, while seeming to be good stewards of the house that’s been entrusted to them.
Charles Green, as Mayor of Savannah, had ordered all of the Confederate troops and the police out of the city and issued orders that no one should display a firearm in the city as Sherman’s forces approached. He then invited the General to use his home as his headquarters during the Union occupation of the city. For this the residents considered him to be either a traitor or the hero who had saved Savannah from the fate met by Atlanta to the west. It was from this room that Sherman wrote to Lincoln, making him a Christmas gift of the city of Savannah and issued Field Order #15 granting freed slaves 40 acres of confiscated and abandoned land along the South Carolina, Georgia and northern Florida coasts, along with an army mule to work it, an Order subsequently rescinded by President Johnson. (See also, posting on The Sea Islands)
A Richard Richardson, ship owner and slave owner, built the house but soon suffered both financial and personal reversals, so that it was owned by the Bank of the United States which leased it as a boarding home in 1824 having among its guests the Marquis de Lafayette during his American tour in 1825 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Revolution. It was then bought by the Owens family in 1830 who ended up bequeathing it to the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1951. It’s been a house museum ever since.
The House
The Slave Quarters
Along River Street used to be a rough neighborhood, but now is a lot of fun. Lots of restaurants, shops and people.
Our driver Lyle, coming in from the airport after we dropped the car, told us we shouldn’t miss the Marriott’s repurposing of an old power plant along the river and the collection of geodes and other minerals they have on display. He was right. It’s amazing.
A great mass of marshy islands hugs the coast of South Carolina and Georgia where we explored making our way between Charleston and Savannah. Here in the low country is where the Gullah Geechee live and where you’ll find the Reconstruction Era National Historical Park established by President Obama.
Early in the Civil War, Union forces recaptured the small coastal city of Beaufort (where much of Forrest Gump was filmed) and initiated the Port Royal Experiment nearby to gain experience in educating freed slaves to prepare for the coming transition from an economy and society based in slavery to one freed of the ownership and subjugation of humans. Education and the ownership of land were understood to be the keys to the success of future emancipation. The Penn Center was created as a school for freed slaves and founded by teachers from, among other places, Philadelphia (hence, the name). Early classes were held in the Brick Church. Even Harriet Tubman came down to help, although she apparently had some initial difficulty in understanding the dialect of the Gullah people in the area.
When the Union took the area, the white planters and other residents fled and left all of their enslaved people behind, abandoning their (other) property, providing the first opportunity for black people to purchase land in the area.
Indeed, after he took Savannah, General Sherman with the support of Lincoln issued Article 15 granting the freed people a significant swath of land along the coast (40 acres and a mule). However, upon Lincoln’s death, President Johnson rescinded this effort to create an economic foundation for the freed population.
Many years later, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. spent a lot of time at Penn Center strategizing with other leaders to better realize the promise of reconstruction following the long shadow of the Jim Crow era. Here is where he wrote his “I have a dream” speech.
The Sea Islands are also home to a lot of wildlife. We were stunned by the numbers of alligators and turtles who had hauled themselves out of the water to sun themselves on the day we visited Cypress Wetlands in Port Royal, after walking some of the trails on Hunting Island.
Inside Hunting Island State Park we found a picnic table for lunch and a massive lighthouse. We were also really impressed by a beautiful visitor center nestled in the woods by a small pond.
If you’re going to visit only one lighthouse in your life, this is the one we’d recommend. It’s the Tybee Island lighthouse on Tybee Island just east of Savannah, Georgia; a monster at 144’. It has a keeper’s house and two assistant keeper’s houses and all the outbuildings and explanations you’d ever want, having been through quite a number of stages in its existence. But, yes, we crossed the state line and kept going to take advantage of having a car before surrendering it for an urban adventure in Savannah.
Between the War of 1812 and the Civil War, 42 masonry forts were constructed to protect the American coastline. Fort Pulaski at the mouth of the Savannah River was one of those forts, built over 18 years between 1829 and 1847.
The fort was never assaulted by foreign troops, but was taken without a fight by Georgia Militiamen and handed over to the nascent Confederacy on January 3, 1861, more than three months prior to the shots fired at Fort Sumter.
In April 1862, one year after Sumter, the Union bombarded Fort Pulaski from Tybee Island for 30 hours, demonstrating with their rifled artillery that the days of the efficacy of masonry forts were over. The Rebels surrendered the fort and the Union further strengthened its blockade of Southern ports.
By all accounts, it was “the book” and Bird Girl that put the Bonaventure Cemetery and, indeed, Savannah on the tourist shortlist. The statue is now in a sort of protective custody in a museum because it had suffered from vandalism when still in the cemetery and the owners of the family plot wanted to reestablish some level of privacy for their burial plot.
”The book” is, of course, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, the 1994 non-fiction novel dealing with the four murder trials of Jim Williams (highly successful art dealer and house restorer) and the colorful lives of the citizens of this good city. Bird Girl was on the cover and has become an icon of salacious creepiness.
About 15 miles from downtown Charleston, South Carolina, are two substantial properties that survived revolution, civil war, and the perils of human development. Both boast Charleston addresses (a search for the city on your favorite map app will unveil a strange looking creature indeed). Both tell a story of preservation of times well past.
Built by John Drayton on land acquired in 1738, Drayton Hall was the main house on a plantation growing rice and indigo using enslaved labor. As in every house museum we visited in both Charleston and Savannah, great pains were taken to tell the story of the people enslaved there and to speak the names of those people whose names survive in a written record. Indigo was a significant crop up until the Revolution when the market for it (as a dye) dried up as the British withdrew their patronage in a snit. The house apparently survived the wholesale burning and destruction of plantation houses by Union troops because the house was being used as a hospital and quarantine flags were set out by the Draytons.
The house fell into disrepair after the Civil War, as can be seen in the above photo. However, the family began to mine phosphate on the property, generating a lot of cash, some of which was used to replace the roof, windows, and one of the ceilings, as well as painting the interior the blue it remains today, rather than the original cream. That said, it is remarkably well preserved in its 1752 state up to the present, as one of the heirs in the line of succession in family ownership determined that the house should never be modernized and enforced that determination through her last will and testament. Consequently, the only accommodation to modernity beyond candle power is a small battery operated smoke detector in the slaves’ work area under the house. The property was acquired directly from the family in the 1970s by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
John Williams established a presence here in the 1730s and began work on the houses to occupy the site. After his passing, his daughter Mary married Henry Middleton who completed the main residence and two flanker houses to, among other things, accommodate guests. Henry ended up with 20 plantations and around 800 enslaved people, although Middleton Place was not a working plantation, but a vanity project with extensive and extravagant gardens; his son Arthur was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and the surrender of British forces in 1783 in the area was signed at Middleton. Arthur’s son Henry’s friendship with a French botanist brought the first camellia plants to America where 3 of the 4 original plants still survive at Middleton, known as the oldest surviving formal gardens in the United States.
After the house and both flankers were burned by Union troops, only the South Flanker could be salvaged. Today, it’s a house museum. In 1974 the family placed the property into a charitable Trust.
